Image Library - Sarawak Eye Hospital
This is a comprehensive collection of images obtained with permission from the patients of Sarawak Eye Hospital, Malaysia. Each of the image in this ophthalmology atlas is accompanied by a small description of the actual case so that the student gets a good clinical experience.
There is also a weekly quiz if you want to test your knowledge.
Websight MD
The link will take you to the Image index of this atlas. There is also a glossary of terms used in Opthalmology along with a short description on each.
There is also an Eye Disease Simulator, with which you can get an idea about how the patient see the world. This will enable you to ask precise questions while taking history. Descriptions are not provided with the atlas images but a short explanation is there with the Eye disease simulator.
Red Atlas
This website is a free, electronic atlas of ophthalmic diseases designed to help medical students in learning to identify the diseases through pattern recognition.
The site is divided into seven major heading under which different diseases are listed according to their name and their findings. Related diseases are further categorized into groups for better understanding. There is also a quiz section
which helps to measure the level of understanding by the identification of images.
Note: Red Atlas is currently not operational. The page shows 'loading' for long time and then fails. This was the best online atlas in ophthalmology. So I am just putting the URL in hope of its coming back.
Tuesday, December 13, 2011
Monday, December 12, 2011
National Eye Institute Health Information
National Eye Institute
National Eye Institute is a subdivision of National Institute of Health. The site hosts different kinds of information from A-Z index of ophthalmic diseases to photos and videocasts.
This site can be used as a study resource by the post graduate students and as a reference source by the undergraduate medical students. A sitemap is also available for finding the required information easier.
National Eye Institute is a subdivision of National Institute of Health. The site hosts different kinds of information from A-Z index of ophthalmic diseases to photos and videocasts.
This site can be used as a study resource by the post graduate students and as a reference source by the undergraduate medical students. A sitemap is also available for finding the required information easier.
Thursday, December 8, 2011
MedCalc - Online medical calculator
MedCalc
Collection of online clinical calculators that are free to use.
The topics covered includes cardiology, obstetrics, nephrology, poisoning etc. All these are a collective work of over 10 years. All the calculators need javascipt to work properly, so you need to enable the script for this site to work properly
Collection of online clinical calculators that are free to use.
The topics covered includes cardiology, obstetrics, nephrology, poisoning etc. All these are a collective work of over 10 years. All the calculators need javascipt to work properly, so you need to enable the script for this site to work properly
Discussion forums for Medical Studenst and Doctors
Student Doctor Network
This is the largest forum form Medical students in the internet. You will find a solution to anything and everything from here, albeit with a little bit of effort, as could be expected from the largest of the pack.
Rxpgonline
rxpgonine is the largest forum for medical students in India. It is mainly aimed at the students and graduates preparing for Post Graduate courses. It contains a very large number of user contributed lists of medical facts and mnemonics
Medical School Forum
Its a starter forum, although has about 34K members active posting is very much less as be anticipated from the member strength.
This is the largest forum form Medical students in the internet. You will find a solution to anything and everything from here, albeit with a little bit of effort, as could be expected from the largest of the pack.
Rxpgonline
rxpgonine is the largest forum for medical students in India. It is mainly aimed at the students and graduates preparing for Post Graduate courses. It contains a very large number of user contributed lists of medical facts and mnemonics
Medical School Forum
Its a starter forum, although has about 34K members active posting is very much less as be anticipated from the member strength.
Tuesday, October 11, 2011
Medical Mnemonics at MedicalMenmonics.com
Medical Mnemonics
Mnemonics make learning medical subjects a lot easier than the traditional methods. They significantly reduce the initial learning time and improves recall. MedicalMnemonics.com is a free online database of Mnemonics pertaining to all the medical specialties and sub-specialties.
The site does have a smooth uncomplicated interface as well as a fast loading, so you won't have to wait even on a slow net connection. The medical mnemonics are categorized by system, body part, and discipline. You can chose the arrangement from the upper right corner of the site yourself for easier reach to required information.
Mnemonics make learning medical subjects a lot easier than the traditional methods. They significantly reduce the initial learning time and improves recall. MedicalMnemonics.com is a free online database of Mnemonics pertaining to all the medical specialties and sub-specialties.
The site does have a smooth uncomplicated interface as well as a fast loading, so you won't have to wait even on a slow net connection. The medical mnemonics are categorized by system, body part, and discipline. You can chose the arrangement from the upper right corner of the site yourself for easier reach to required information.
Saturday, October 1, 2011
Forensic Medicine for Medical Students
Forensic Pathology
Deals with the pathological aspects of medico-legal investigation of death. This section gives details on autopsy procedures, mechanisms of death, and methods for calculation of time since death.
Each of these sections start from the history and proceeds to the recent advances. Images and videos related to the subject can be found aplenty in every subject of discussion.
Wounds
This section details all the aspects of identification and description of wounds. This section has tremendous power in improving the skill of a physician in properly documenting a wound failing which might bring unforeseen difficulties on a later date.
Firearms
Firearms of medico-legal importance are described in this section. Sub-sections include types of firearms, ammunition and recording of firearm injury.
Friday, September 30, 2011
Dermatology Atlas
Access Resources in Dermatology
Dermatology is all about visual identification of lesions. Hence atlases significantly alter the learning curve of dermatology. Here are some great dermatology atlasesDermQuest Atlas
One of the largest image libraries on dermatology. Atlas images are accessible via keyword searches or browsing through categories. Each image is associated with a case description and a diagnosis. Other features of DermQuest are
DermQuest requires free registration to access the content. The above links will work only after successful logging in.
DermAtlas
Index of DermAtlas. The Images are classified by Category, Diagnosis and body area affected. The main website can be accessed here.
Interactive Dermatology Atlas
This dermatology atlas provides three modes for learning. They are Case study mode, Atlas mode and Quiz mode.
Case study mode provides clinical details of the patient including pictures for making a diagnosis. This mode require a free registration.
Atlas mode provides fully searchable collection of more than 1000 images. Searches can be performed by lesion morphology, diagnosis, demography etc. There is extensive cross reference to other cases ( Like wikipedia) which helps to clear doubts fast.
Quiz mode tests the ability to identify clinical presentations on a variety of conditions.
Dermatology Atlas
At present this huge atlas contains 7767 images on different dermatological conditions. Though no descriptions are available with images, this site is sufficient to satisfy any image search in dermatology.
Thursday, September 29, 2011
DermWeb -15 most common skin problems
DermWeb - Web Teaching
Online dermatology training modules created by the Department of Dermatology and Skin Science at the University of British Columbia. Currently contains 10 modules including,
An interactive site designed to improve the clinical acumen of the practicing physicians who manages the common skin conditions. Composed of three parts viz
This is a resource guide to 15 most common dermatological problems. The Diseases covered include Acne, Herpes, Vitiligo, Seborrheic Dermatitis, psoriasis among others. All the resources listed in this site are rich in content and provide unbiased information about the respective condition.
Online dermatology training modules created by the Department of Dermatology and Skin Science at the University of British Columbia. Currently contains 10 modules including,
- Language of Dermatology. Dermatological lesions types and lesion descriptors are explained with the help of images. Highly recommended for medical students.
- Pathology of Dermatological Conditions - Contains microscopic and macroscopic pathology of 23 of the most common conditions.
- Atlas of Dermatology etc
An interactive site designed to improve the clinical acumen of the practicing physicians who manages the common skin conditions. Composed of three parts viz
- Differential Diagnosis visual skill test
- Case studies
- Self Assessment tests
This is a resource guide to 15 most common dermatological problems. The Diseases covered include Acne, Herpes, Vitiligo, Seborrheic Dermatitis, psoriasis among others. All the resources listed in this site are rich in content and provide unbiased information about the respective condition.
The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology
Textbook of Dermatology
An extensive online textbook on Dermatology edited by Rhett Drugge and Heather A Dunn. The contents of this online textbook starts from very descriptive anatomy of the skin and then proceed to more advanced topics. This book also include environmental dermatology topics like radiation effects, sun damage, occupational dermatitis etc.
Terminology in dermatology was always a confusing thing to remember. Here is a list from the textbook comprising most commonly used lesion descriptions in dermatology. This site also contain lot of images of dermatological conditions so that learning curve is shortened. The electronic textbook of dermatology is fully searchable which will ease the finding of required information.
Note: this site uses frames in the designing so you won't be able to go to the home page from the lesion descriptions so use this link to access all the contents.
An extensive online textbook on Dermatology edited by Rhett Drugge and Heather A Dunn. The contents of this online textbook starts from very descriptive anatomy of the skin and then proceed to more advanced topics. This book also include environmental dermatology topics like radiation effects, sun damage, occupational dermatitis etc.
Terminology in dermatology was always a confusing thing to remember. Here is a list from the textbook comprising most commonly used lesion descriptions in dermatology. This site also contain lot of images of dermatological conditions so that learning curve is shortened. The electronic textbook of dermatology is fully searchable which will ease the finding of required information.
Note: this site uses frames in the designing so you won't be able to go to the home page from the lesion descriptions so use this link to access all the contents.
Wednesday, September 28, 2011
ImmunoFacts.com - Expert Immunization resources
ImmunoFacts
One of the most up-to-date resource on Immunological practices. The following are the site features.
Vaccine Recommendations
This section is divided in to three sub-sections, viz General recommendations for vaccination from CDC, notes on vaccine preventable diseases and information about vaccine trials.
Practice and Safety
Discuss the quality standards of immunologicals and tips to improve vaccination coverage in different scenarios.
One of the most up-to-date resource on Immunological practices. The following are the site features.
Vaccine Recommendations
This section is divided in to three sub-sections, viz General recommendations for vaccination from CDC, notes on vaccine preventable diseases and information about vaccine trials.
Practice and Safety
Discuss the quality standards of immunologicals and tips to improve vaccination coverage in different scenarios.
Monday, September 26, 2011
Medscape - Medical Education
Medscape is a part of WebMD Health Professional Network
Provides medical students and health professionals the most updated and integrated medical information and educational tools. As of now emedicine contains more that 7000 articles on different diseases and conditions. All the content is organized by medical specialty for the aid of finding the required condition in the quickest way.
Medscape Education
Medscape education offers thousands of free credited CMEs for health care professionals. All the contents are available via desktop and mobile platforms so that a professional has access to any information anywhere.
Emedicine - Medscape reference
Medscape Education
Medscape education offers thousands of free credited CMEs for health care professionals. All the contents are available via desktop and mobile platforms so that a professional has access to any information anywhere.
Sunday, September 25, 2011
Occupational Health Factsheets
Occupational Health
Collection of freely downloadable PDF files on almost all occupational diseases. The information in the fact sheets are included with actual occupational scenarios in mind, hence provide a more practical approach than a typical textbook approach.
The different topics covered include Occupational asthma, occupational cancers, prevention of communicable diseases at work, working with pesticides etc.
Collection of freely downloadable PDF files on almost all occupational diseases. The information in the fact sheets are included with actual occupational scenarios in mind, hence provide a more practical approach than a typical textbook approach.
The different topics covered include Occupational asthma, occupational cancers, prevention of communicable diseases at work, working with pesticides etc.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
CDC - Centre for diseaes control
CDC for Health Care Providers
The above link provide direct access to the resources for health care providers which contain a vast number of topics like Vaccines and Immunization, Community Health Guide, Genomics in Public Health, Emerging infectious diseases etc.
CDC A-Z index
Index of all the health topics in the CDC website. Contains info on practice guidelines, diseases, procedures etc. You can access Diseases and conditions directly.
The above link provide direct access to the resources for health care providers which contain a vast number of topics like Vaccines and Immunization, Community Health Guide, Genomics in Public Health, Emerging infectious diseases etc.
CDC A-Z index
Index of all the health topics in the CDC website. Contains info on practice guidelines, diseases, procedures etc. You can access Diseases and conditions directly.
World Health Organization
WHO
This one resource no introduction even to a non-professioal person. As the primary agency for disease control, disease prevention and health promotion activities, WHO designs the protocols to be followed worldwide.
WHO Health Topics
Lists WHO Projects, initiatives, activities, information products organized by Health Topic. You can also use the search function to avail the specific information (Eg guidelines for management of neonatal tetanus) you seek.
Data and Statistics
This is the WHO's point of access to the world health statistics. Every piece of data made available to WHO is available here in a very organized manner
Evidence Based Guidelines
WHO defines guidelines as recommendations that can impact upon health policies or clinical interventions. Development of recommendations are one of the major functions of WHO. Here are the list of the most recent guidelines listed in the alphabetical order.
Contains key WHO books including World Health Report, World Health Statistics, International Classification of diseases, International Pharmacopoeia etc. All of these are available for online reference.
Eg Access the International Pharmacopoeia here
WHO Health Topics
Lists WHO Projects, initiatives, activities, information products organized by Health Topic. You can also use the search function to avail the specific information (Eg guidelines for management of neonatal tetanus) you seek.
Data and Statistics
This is the WHO's point of access to the world health statistics. Every piece of data made available to WHO is available here in a very organized manner
Evidence Based Guidelines
WHO defines guidelines as recommendations that can impact upon health policies or clinical interventions. Development of recommendations are one of the major functions of WHO. Here are the list of the most recent guidelines listed in the alphabetical order.
Contains key WHO books including World Health Report, World Health Statistics, International Classification of diseases, International Pharmacopoeia etc. All of these are available for online reference.
Eg Access the International Pharmacopoeia here
Thursday, September 22, 2011
TheHeart.org - Medscape division on cardiology
TheHeart.org is a site maintained by Medscape and provides information on caring for people with disorders of the heart and circulation, and on preventing such disorders.
When this site was first added to Medical Resource Links it was a pretty basic one. But the site improved considerably to be called as an all in one resource on cardiology. This site is currently available in three languages viz English, French and Spanish. I will give you a quick walk-through of the features of this site.
Heartwire - The news
The latest news in the field of clinical and interventional cardiology. This will help you to stay up-to-date on the recent advances in the field.
CME Series
The are free access CME on different cardiology topics which are helpful for specialists as well as referring doctors.
The Editorial
This section contains the debate and dialogue between the best cardiovascular specialists.
TheHeart.org Radio
Audio programs in cardiology. Divided into 4 sub-sections
iphone and ipad app is available for free. This app brings the latest heartwire news, details on clinical trials and theheart.org radio programs to your portable device.
Free registration is required to access all the features of this site.
When this site was first added to Medical Resource Links it was a pretty basic one. But the site improved considerably to be called as an all in one resource on cardiology. This site is currently available in three languages viz English, French and Spanish. I will give you a quick walk-through of the features of this site.
Heartwire - The news
The latest news in the field of clinical and interventional cardiology. This will help you to stay up-to-date on the recent advances in the field.
CME Series
The are free access CME on different cardiology topics which are helpful for specialists as well as referring doctors.
The Editorial
This section contains the debate and dialogue between the best cardiovascular specialists.
TheHeart.org Radio
Audio programs in cardiology. Divided into 4 sub-sections
- The Bob Harrington Show - Latest cardiology trends, trials and conferences.
- This week in Caridolog - Weekly cardiology podcast with the latest news.
- Topo & Teirstein : Click & Rub show- Latest news and events in a freewheeling way.
- The Fellows Corner - interviews of thought leaders on training, research, career planning etc.
iphone and ipad app is available for free. This app brings the latest heartwire news, details on clinical trials and theheart.org radio programs to your portable device.
Free registration is required to access all the features of this site.
Clinical Examination of Cardiovascular System - The Cardiac Exam
A guide to examination of cardiovascular system. Includes basics covering anatomy and
physiology and the examination proper. The examination proper is divided into Inspection, palpation percussion and auscultation.
Each section contains images or videos for assisted learning. The auscultation section is worth special mentioning which has almost all auscultatory findings in the form of wave files and these can be freely downloaded to your computer.
physiology and the examination proper. The examination proper is divided into Inspection, palpation percussion and auscultation.
Each section contains images or videos for assisted learning. The auscultation section is worth special mentioning which has almost all auscultatory findings in the form of wave files and these can be freely downloaded to your computer.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Gold Standards in Medical Field
What is a 'gold standard'?
The term 'gold standard' can be referred to a test or a method. A test which shows the true status of the patient is termed gold standard. These test are assumed to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic power of other tests are evaluated based on the comparison with the gold standard test.When the term applies to a method or a procedure, a 'gold standard' serves as a basis for evaluation
of other methods.
Gold standard method for estimating resting energy expenditure - indirect calorimetry
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Iron deficiency anemia – Estimation of serum Ferritin
Gold standard for proving that the life span of red cell is decreased ( useful in Hemolytic anemia) - Red cell survival study
Gold standard for evaluation of stem cell transplantation therapy - Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Gold standard technique for differentiating allograft rejection and reactivation of disease after heart transplantation - Endo-myocardial Biopsy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of DVT - Contrast Venography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of acute pharyngitis - Throat Culture
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of pertussis - Culture of nasopharyngeal secretions
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa - Technetium99 bone scan
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Acoustic Neuroma – Gadolinium MRI
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Shigella infection - Isolation and identification of pathogen from fecal material
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Tuberculous meningitis - Culture of CSF
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of HSV Encephalitis - Brain biopsy (CSF PCR largely replaced brain biopsy in recent times)
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of histoplasmosis - Fungal Culture
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomypathy and atrial myxoma - Echocardiogram
Gold standard investigation for imaging heart valves and valve motion abnormalities - 2D echocardiography
Gold standard investigation for assessment of Myocardial viability (Identification of ischemic or hibernating myocardium)– PET
Gold standard investigation for assessment of LV mass and volume - MRI
Gold standard method for evaluation of renal arteries and identification of renal artery lesions - Contrast arteriography
Gold standard method for evaluation of respiratory gas exchange - ABG
Gold standard investigation for assessment of albuminuria - 24 hr urine collection
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria) – Flow cytometry
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of ATTR and other AF mutations - DNA sequencing
Gold standard method for identifying and quantifying atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries - X-ray cerebral angiography
Gold standard investigation for evaluating anatomy of arterio-venous malformation - X-ray angiography
Gold standard for diagnosis and classification of ataxia - genotype
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of lung infection (Radiotherapy induced) in a cancer patient - open-lung biopsy
Gold standard medical treatment for symptomatic progressive pulmonary hypertension – Prostacyclin
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PIH – Serum Urea
Gold standard for assessment of visual impairment - Snellen's chart
Gold standard method of treatment of non-castrate metastatic disease - surgical orchidectomy
Gold standard method for bacterial stain analysis - Pulse-field gel electrophoresis
Gold standard method of treatment of DCIS - Mastectomy
Gold standard approach for resection of anterior and middle mediastinal masses - median or lateral thoracotomy
Gold standard method of treatment of Coarctation of aorta - Surgical repair
Gold standard method for evaluation of coronary artery disease - Cardiac Catheterization
Gold standard method for culture of V. cholerae o139 - Conventional culture method
Gold standard to determine cut-off titer of widal test for diagnosis of Typhoid fever – Nested PCR
Gold standard treatment of brucellosis in adults - IM Streptomycin + Doxycyclin
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of chronic arterial mesentric ischemia - Angiography
Gold standard method for treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis - Total proctocolostomy with end ileostomy
Gold standard method for evaluation of imaging modalities for liver tumors - Intraoperative ultrasonography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of common bile duct stones - Endoscopic cholangiography
Gold standard investigation for measurement of GFR - Inulin clearance
Gold standard for treatment of organ confined, muscle invasive, bladder cancer is - Radical cystoprostatectomy in men and anterior pelvic exenteration in woman
Gold standard for treatment of femoral shaft fractures - Reamed locked intramedullary nailing
Gold standard method in case of difficult intubation - Flexible fibreoptic intubation scope
Gold standard method for diagnosis and treatment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) - Broncho alveolar lavage
Gold standard treatment of hyperparathyroidism - Surgery
Gold standard investigation to differentiate follicular and papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland- Histology
Gold standard procedure for thymectomy - Trans cervical mediastinoscopy and surgery
Gold standard for treatment of adrenal tumors - Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of breast cancer - Mammography
Gold standard method for staging of breast cancer - Axillary lymph node dissection
Gold standard for evaluation of a stable patient with suspected vascular injury - Angiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of GERD - Ambulatory 24 hr PH monitoring
Gold standard method for treatment of GERD - Laparoccopic Nissens fundoplication
Gold standard for evaluating cure rate in duodenal ulcer patients – Vagotomy
Gold standard finding for the diagnosis of GI perforation - Finding pneumoperitoneum
Gold standard for diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Serum gastrin levels( Most patients have serum gastrin levels above 1000pg/mL)
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of colonic mucosal disease - Colonoscopy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of steatorrhoea - Timed quantitative stool fat determination
Gold standard method for treatment of incontinence with an isolated sphincter defect - Overlapping sphincteroplasty
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis and method of management of Acute arterial occlusion – Laparotomy
Gold standard method for confirmation of mesentric arterial occlusion - Mesentric angiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of celiac disease – Small intestine biopsy
Gold standard for identifying choledocholithiasis – ERCP
Gold standard method of treatment of Symptomatic cholelitiasis – Lap cholecystectomy
Gold standard method for diagnosis of Primary sclerosing cholangitis - ERCP
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Hepatitis C – HCV RNA assay
Gold standard test for diagnosis of intraluminal bile duct abnormalities - ERCP
Gold standard method for management of hydatid disease – Surgery
Gold standard for assessing degree of liver injury and fibrosis - Liver Biopsy
Gold standard method for management of blunt hepatic trauma - Non-operative management
Gold standard test for assessment of function of sphincter of oddi – Manometry
Gold standard investigation of diagnosis of Klatskin tumor - Cholangiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis - ELISA
REFERENCES
1. Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition
2. Schwartz's Manual of Surgery 8th Edition
Download the list of Gold standards in PDF format here
Download
The term 'gold standard' can be referred to a test or a method. A test which shows the true status of the patient is termed gold standard. These test are assumed to have 100% sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic power of other tests are evaluated based on the comparison with the gold standard test.When the term applies to a method or a procedure, a 'gold standard' serves as a basis for evaluation
of other methods.
Gold standard method for estimating resting energy expenditure - indirect calorimetry
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Iron deficiency anemia – Estimation of serum Ferritin
Gold standard for proving that the life span of red cell is decreased ( useful in Hemolytic anemia) - Red cell survival study
Gold standard for evaluation of stem cell transplantation therapy - Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Gold standard technique for differentiating allograft rejection and reactivation of disease after heart transplantation - Endo-myocardial Biopsy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of DVT - Contrast Venography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of acute pharyngitis - Throat Culture
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of pertussis - Culture of nasopharyngeal secretions
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa - Technetium99 bone scan
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Acoustic Neuroma – Gadolinium MRI
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Shigella infection - Isolation and identification of pathogen from fecal material
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Tuberculous meningitis - Culture of CSF
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of HSV Encephalitis - Brain biopsy (CSF PCR largely replaced brain biopsy in recent times)
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of histoplasmosis - Fungal Culture
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomypathy and atrial myxoma - Echocardiogram
Gold standard investigation for imaging heart valves and valve motion abnormalities - 2D echocardiography
Gold standard investigation for assessment of Myocardial viability (Identification of ischemic or hibernating myocardium)– PET
Gold standard investigation for assessment of LV mass and volume - MRI
Gold standard method for evaluation of renal arteries and identification of renal artery lesions - Contrast arteriography
Gold standard method for evaluation of respiratory gas exchange - ABG
Gold standard investigation for assessment of albuminuria - 24 hr urine collection
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PNH (Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria) – Flow cytometry
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of ATTR and other AF mutations - DNA sequencing
Gold standard method for identifying and quantifying atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries - X-ray cerebral angiography
Gold standard investigation for evaluating anatomy of arterio-venous malformation - X-ray angiography
Gold standard for diagnosis and classification of ataxia - genotype
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of lung infection (Radiotherapy induced) in a cancer patient - open-lung biopsy
Gold standard medical treatment for symptomatic progressive pulmonary hypertension – Prostacyclin
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of PIH – Serum Urea
Gold standard for assessment of visual impairment - Snellen's chart
Gold standard method of treatment of non-castrate metastatic disease - surgical orchidectomy
Gold standard method for bacterial stain analysis - Pulse-field gel electrophoresis
Gold standard method of treatment of DCIS - Mastectomy
Gold standard approach for resection of anterior and middle mediastinal masses - median or lateral thoracotomy
Gold standard method of treatment of Coarctation of aorta - Surgical repair
Gold standard method for evaluation of coronary artery disease - Cardiac Catheterization
Gold standard method for culture of V. cholerae o139 - Conventional culture method
Gold standard to determine cut-off titer of widal test for diagnosis of Typhoid fever – Nested PCR
Gold standard treatment of brucellosis in adults - IM Streptomycin + Doxycyclin
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of of chronic arterial mesentric ischemia - Angiography
Gold standard method for treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis - Total proctocolostomy with end ileostomy
Gold standard method for evaluation of imaging modalities for liver tumors - Intraoperative ultrasonography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of common bile duct stones - Endoscopic cholangiography
Gold standard investigation for measurement of GFR - Inulin clearance
Gold standard for treatment of organ confined, muscle invasive, bladder cancer is - Radical cystoprostatectomy in men and anterior pelvic exenteration in woman
Gold standard for treatment of femoral shaft fractures - Reamed locked intramedullary nailing
Gold standard method in case of difficult intubation - Flexible fibreoptic intubation scope
Gold standard method for diagnosis and treatment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) - Broncho alveolar lavage
Gold standard treatment of hyperparathyroidism - Surgery
Gold standard investigation to differentiate follicular and papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland- Histology
Gold standard procedure for thymectomy - Trans cervical mediastinoscopy and surgery
Gold standard for treatment of adrenal tumors - Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of breast cancer - Mammography
Gold standard method for staging of breast cancer - Axillary lymph node dissection
Gold standard for evaluation of a stable patient with suspected vascular injury - Angiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of GERD - Ambulatory 24 hr PH monitoring
Gold standard method for treatment of GERD - Laparoccopic Nissens fundoplication
Gold standard for evaluating cure rate in duodenal ulcer patients – Vagotomy
Gold standard finding for the diagnosis of GI perforation - Finding pneumoperitoneum
Gold standard for diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Serum gastrin levels( Most patients have serum gastrin levels above 1000pg/mL)
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of colonic mucosal disease - Colonoscopy
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of steatorrhoea - Timed quantitative stool fat determination
Gold standard method for treatment of incontinence with an isolated sphincter defect - Overlapping sphincteroplasty
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis and method of management of Acute arterial occlusion – Laparotomy
Gold standard method for confirmation of mesentric arterial occlusion - Mesentric angiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of celiac disease – Small intestine biopsy
Gold standard for identifying choledocholithiasis – ERCP
Gold standard method of treatment of Symptomatic cholelitiasis – Lap cholecystectomy
Gold standard method for diagnosis of Primary sclerosing cholangitis - ERCP
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of Hepatitis C – HCV RNA assay
Gold standard test for diagnosis of intraluminal bile duct abnormalities - ERCP
Gold standard method for management of hydatid disease – Surgery
Gold standard for assessing degree of liver injury and fibrosis - Liver Biopsy
Gold standard method for management of blunt hepatic trauma - Non-operative management
Gold standard test for assessment of function of sphincter of oddi – Manometry
Gold standard investigation of diagnosis of Klatskin tumor - Cholangiography
Gold standard investigation for diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis - ELISA
REFERENCES
1. Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition
2. Schwartz's Manual of Surgery 8th Edition
Download the list of Gold standards in PDF format here
Tuesday, September 20, 2011
PathoPic - Pathology Image Database
PathoPic
PathoPic is a free online image database. This site is a little unique in its way of presentation of data. A search form is used to accurately locate images instead of arranging them in categories. The search criteria include Topography, Stain, Image type ( Histology, Gross, Cytology, Radiology, Frozen Section etc). A description is available with each image to aid in understanding.
Three browser windows/tabs are required to access information from this site. One for search form, one for displaying the search results and the last to view the selected image and its description. If you are confused about the navigation, access the guided tour here.
PathoPic is a free online image database. This site is a little unique in its way of presentation of data. A search form is used to accurately locate images instead of arranging them in categories. The search criteria include Topography, Stain, Image type ( Histology, Gross, Cytology, Radiology, Frozen Section etc). A description is available with each image to aid in understanding.
Three browser windows/tabs are required to access information from this site. One for search form, one for displaying the search results and the last to view the selected image and its description. If you are confused about the navigation, access the guided tour here.
Atlas of Granulomatous diseases by Yale Rosen
Atlas of Granulomatous Diseases
Ever seen a picture of asteroid body observed in sarcoidosis before?. If your answer is no you should definitely give this site a visit.
This website contain images of granulomatous conditions. You can start learning with the formation of granulomas and move forward to the details of different granulomatous diseases including TB, Sarcoidosis, infectious granuloma, foreign body granuloma etc. The images include both gross and microscopic ones and are of very good quality.
Image used above is a screenshot from the website. Image is the property of Yale Rosen MD, owner of 'Atlas of Granulomatous Diseases' website.
This website contain images of granulomatous conditions. You can start learning with the formation of granulomas and move forward to the details of different granulomatous diseases including TB, Sarcoidosis, infectious granuloma, foreign body granuloma etc. The images include both gross and microscopic ones and are of very good quality.
Image used above is a screenshot from the website. Image is the property of Yale Rosen MD, owner of 'Atlas of Granulomatous Diseases' website.
Saturday, September 10, 2011
The Pathology Guy - Lecture notes on pathology
Ed's Pathology Lecture Notes
This is the most elaborate source of lecture notes on pathology. I was amazed to find Ed Friedlander single handedly created this massive site. All the lectures are prepared in a simple easy to understand way that benefit not only medical students but also anyone who seeks information about pathology of a particular disease.
Every lecture note contain lots of pictures to assist in understanding and recall. One unique feature of this site is the extensive integration of scientific studies within the text. This is a must use pathology resource for every medical student.
This is the most elaborate source of lecture notes on pathology. I was amazed to find Ed Friedlander single handedly created this massive site. All the lectures are prepared in a simple easy to understand way that benefit not only medical students but also anyone who seeks information about pathology of a particular disease.
Every lecture note contain lots of pictures to assist in understanding and recall. One unique feature of this site is the extensive integration of scientific studies within the text. This is a must use pathology resource for every medical student.
Tuesday, September 6, 2011
Biochem Web
Biochem Web
This is an online library of biochemistry, cell biology and molecular biology. The best online resources in these subjects are selected and arranged in topic wise manner so browsing for a particular topic is easy in this website.
This is an online library of biochemistry, cell biology and molecular biology. The best online resources in these subjects are selected and arranged in topic wise manner so browsing for a particular topic is easy in this website.
The Medical Biochemistry Page
The Biochemistry Page
This is a complete biochemistry resource which is a little above the level for a medical student in undergraduate years. All biochemical pathways are explained using simple but effective diagrams for
better and easy understanding. This biochemistry resource can be used as a study companion not a primary resource as it a little elaborate on many fronts.
This is a complete biochemistry resource which is a little above the level for a medical student in undergraduate years. All biochemical pathways are explained using simple but effective diagrams for
better and easy understanding. This biochemistry resource can be used as a study companion not a primary resource as it a little elaborate on many fronts.
Monday, September 5, 2011
OB-GYN 101
OB-GYN 101
An elaborate online resource with good descriptive text, more than 30 videos, ultrasound images, medications in ob-gyn practice, procedure notes, x-rays encountered during gynaecology practice and index cards for quick review of important facts. This site is a must for all . I assure you that you will be getting more knowledge from this site than any other standard undergraduate textbook.
An elaborate online resource with good descriptive text, more than 30 videos, ultrasound images, medications in ob-gyn practice, procedure notes, x-rays encountered during gynaecology practice and index cards for quick review of important facts. This site is a must for all . I assure you that you will be getting more knowledge from this site than any other standard undergraduate textbook.
Wikipedia Page about Pregnancy
Pregnancy
You can use this article to get a concise view of pregnancy and related things. Best feature of the this article is the seamless opportunity of cross reference. Learning this article will not take more than an hour and will give you the basic idea in a professional level which can be used as a foundation to build the advanced
knowledge.
You can use this article to get a concise view of pregnancy and related things. Best feature of the this article is the seamless opportunity of cross reference. Learning this article will not take more than an hour and will give you the basic idea in a professional level which can be used as a foundation to build the advanced
knowledge.
OBSGYN.net Educational tutorials
OBGYN.NET- Tutorials
Presentations in different topics from gynaecology, obstetrics and infertility issues. All the presentations are downloadable as Power point files. Presentations are user submitted and reviewed by the obgyn.net team.
Presentations in different topics from gynaecology, obstetrics and infertility issues. All the presentations are downloadable as Power point files. Presentations are user submitted and reviewed by the obgyn.net team.
25 signs in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Download
These are 25 clinical and radiological signs in obstetrics and gynaecology. Bagel sign : Ultrasonographic sign. Gestational sac in the adnexa with hyperechoic ring.
Ball Sign : Radiological sign of intrauterine fetal death. X-ray shows crumpled up spine of
the fetus.
Banana Sign : Ultrasound sign in open spina bifida. Shows abnormal anterior curvature of
cerebellum. Due to the associated Arnold-Chiari malformation.
Chadwick’s Sign : Bluish hue to the vestibule and anterior vaginal wall. Seen in first trimester of
pregnancy. Cause is increased blood flow to the pelvic organs. Also known as
jacquemier’s Sign.
Cullen Sign : Bluish discoloration of skin around umbilicus. Occurs due to intra peritoneal
hemorrhage. Seen in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Double Bubble Sign : Useful in prenatal diagnosis of duodenal atresia. Duodenal atresia usually
presents with polyhydramnios and produces dilatation of stomach and first part of
duodenum.
Double decidual sac Sign : Normal Ultrasonographic appearance of intrauterine gestational sac. Seen as two concentric echogenic rings separated by a hyperechoic space.
Goodell Sign : Marked softening of the cervix in contrast to non pregnant state. Also due to
increased blood flow.
Hegar Sign : An indication of Pregnancy. Softening of the lower parts of the uterus enables
approximation of vaginal and abdominal fingers in bimanual pelvic examination. Vaginal
fingers are placed in the posterior fornix and abdominal hand pressed down behind the
uterus.
Jacquemier’s sign : Refer Chadwick Sign
Kustner’s Sign : Sign of placental separation. On pushing the uterus upwards does not move the
cord with it due to the separation.
Ladin’s Sign : Softening in the midline of the uterus anteriorly at the junction of the uterus and
cervix. It occurs at about 6 weeks gestation.
Lambda Sign : Ultrasonographic sign seen in dichorionic pregnancies. Due to the chorionic tissue
in between the two layers of the membrane between the twins.
Lemon Sign : Ultrasound sign in open spina bifida. Shows abnormal anterior curvature of
cerebellum. Due to the associated Arnold-Chiari malformation.
Osiander’s Sign : Pulsations in the lateral fornix due to the increased vascularity.
Palmer’s Sign : Regular rhythmic contractions of uterus felt as early as 6-8 weeks . It is a sign of
pregnancy.
Piskacek’s Sign : Asymmetric growth occurs to the uterus in initial stages of pregnancy due to the
lateral implantation of the blastocyst. The area of implantation feels soft compared to
the other parts.
Robert’s Sign : Radiological sign of intrauterine fetal death. X-ray shows presence of gas in the
fetal great vessels. Earliest radiological sign of intrauterine fetal death
Schroder’s Sign : A sign of placental separation. Uterus rises up when the separated placenta is
passed downwards.
Spalding Sign : Sign of intrauterine fetal death. Overlapping of skull bones after fetal demise.
Observed by ultrasonogrm.
Stallworthy’s Sign : Slowing of fetal heart rate on pressing the head down I to the pelvis and prompt
recovery on release of pressure is termed Stallworthy’s sign. This sign is suggestive of
posterior placenta praevia.
Stuck Twin Sign : Seen in twin to twin transfusion syndrome. Due to the severe oligohydramnios
smaller twin is held in a fixed position along the uterine wall. This is called stuck twin
sign.
‘T’ Sign : Ultrasonographic sign seen in monochromic twins. As the intertwin membrane
does not have any chorionic tissue it gives rise to ‘T’ sign in ultrasound.
Turtle Sign : Failure of restitution seen in shoulder dystocia is called turtle sign.
Von Braun-Fernwald's Sign : Irregular softening and enlargement of the uterine fundus during early
pregnancy. It occurs at 5-8 weeks gestation.
Use the link below to download the file in pdf format for free
25 signs in obstetrics and gynaecology
Saturday, September 3, 2011
Biochemistry Animations for Medical Students
Easiest and the best way to learn biochemistry is through animations and interactive tutorials. Below are the best of biochemistry animations available in the web.
Power Point Animations in biochemistry by Southern Illinois University
Power Point Animations in biochemistry by Southern Illinois University
Tuesday, August 30, 2011
Visible Human - Cross Sectional Anatomy
Visible Human Project
This project aims to provide complete, detailed cross sectional anatomy images of male and female human body. Images are available in three modes viz CT, MR and photo. The information that this project is extremely large so that lot of applications are built around the database to provide easier access to the information. I am adding the best of the application that uses the data from Visible Human Project.
RAAViewer - Radiological Anatomy Atlas Viewer
This project aims to provide complete, detailed cross sectional anatomy images of male and female human body. Images are available in three modes viz CT, MR and photo. The information that this project is extremely large so that lot of applications are built around the database to provide easier access to the information. I am adding the best of the application that uses the data from Visible Human Project.
RAAViewer - Radiological Anatomy Atlas Viewer
Monday, August 29, 2011
Web Anatomy - Anatomy and Physiology Learning modules
Web Anatomy
This is a collection of study aids for entry-level anatomy and physiology students. This resource is created by Murray Jensen of University of Minnesota. This site contains self tests, timed tests and multiplayer games and a quiz bowl ( I will explain these later )for testing your knowledge about anatomy physiology and basic biochemistry.
This is a collection of study aids for entry-level anatomy and physiology students. This resource is created by Murray Jensen of University of Minnesota. This site contains self tests, timed tests and multiplayer games and a quiz bowl ( I will explain these later )for testing your knowledge about anatomy physiology and basic biochemistry.
Sunday, August 28, 2011
Instant Anatomy Audio and Video Podcasts
Instant Anatomy
This site created by Dr Robert Whittaker is a great collection of resources for medical students. There are several parts of this site worth special mentioning.
Instant Anatomy Audio Podcasts
This site created by Dr Robert Whittaker is a great collection of resources for medical students. There are several parts of this site worth special mentioning.
Instant Anatomy Audio Podcasts
Friday, August 26, 2011
Human Anatomy through radiologic images - Anatomywiz
Anatomywiz
Anatomywiz is an internet based reference tool. Currently it contain topics in musculoskeletal anatomy and ENT. Each section is accompanied by a discussion on the focus and list of references.
You can find required resource by either browsing though the categories or using the search tool.
The project was created by Dr Gerard J Muro MD.
Anatomywiz is an internet based reference tool. Currently it contain topics in musculoskeletal anatomy and ENT. Each section is accompanied by a discussion on the focus and list of references.
You can find required resource by either browsing though the categories or using the search tool.
The project was created by Dr Gerard J Muro MD.
Gross Anatomy and Dissection Videos
Gross Anatomy and Dissection Videos
Access in-depth videos of dissection of head and neck by John H Lillie from University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Contain 44 videos of dissection of Head and Neck, one video of dissection of mediastinum and 2 review videos.
All the videos are created in the 70s and 80s but as far as gross anatomy is concerned it still holds good.
Access in-depth videos of dissection of head and neck by John H Lillie from University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Contain 44 videos of dissection of Head and Neck, one video of dissection of mediastinum and 2 review videos.
All the videos are created in the 70s and 80s but as far as gross anatomy is concerned it still holds good.
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Cardiology Clinical Examination
Cardiology Clinical Examination
A detailed guide to examination
of cardiovascular system. This resource covers basic anatomy and physiology of the heart and the examination proper. The auscultation section is worth special mentioning which contain almost all auscultatory findings in the form of wave files which can be freely downloaded to your
computer.
A detailed guide to examination
of cardiovascular system. This resource covers basic anatomy and physiology of the heart and the examination proper. The auscultation section is worth special mentioning which contain almost all auscultatory findings in the form of wave files which can be freely downloaded to your
computer.
Auscultation Assistant
Auscultation Assistant
The Auscultation Assistant was created by Christopher Cable MD to help medical students appreciate different characteristics of heart sounds and lung sounds including the abnormal and adventitious ones. Detailed information accompany each sound to help medical students understand the physiology of the sound or the pathophysiology in case of abnormal sounds.
Auscultation assistant needs no sophisticated programs for regular use. You just need your sound card and speakers.
R. A. L. E Repository
If you are interested in Lung sounds you should visit this site. Click on the 'repository' tab and select the breath sound you want to hear. Each breath sound, available in .wav format, is accompanied by a short description of the case and a respirosonogram.
Note : Respirosonogram provide a visual representation of content of a respiratory sound recording.
The Auscultation Assistant was created by Christopher Cable MD to help medical students appreciate different characteristics of heart sounds and lung sounds including the abnormal and adventitious ones. Detailed information accompany each sound to help medical students understand the physiology of the sound or the pathophysiology in case of abnormal sounds.
Auscultation assistant needs no sophisticated programs for regular use. You just need your sound card and speakers.
R. A. L. E Repository
If you are interested in Lung sounds you should visit this site. Click on the 'repository' tab and select the breath sound you want to hear. Each breath sound, available in .wav format, is accompanied by a short description of the case and a respirosonogram.
Note : Respirosonogram provide a visual representation of content of a respiratory sound recording.
Human Anatomy Dissection Videos from University of Wisconsin
Human Anatomy videos from University of Wisconsin - Madison Medical School. There are 27 videos with combined duration of more than 7 hours.
Note: You might need quicktime player to play the videos.
Also checkout some good resources on Neuroanatomy on this site.
Note: You might need quicktime player to play the videos.
Also checkout some good resources on Neuroanatomy on this site.
Wednesday, August 24, 2011
Innerbody.com Atlas
Resources at innerbody.com are great references on human anatomy for medical students and doctors. Each topic is explained with animations, graphics and some descriptive text.
You can click on any of the 12 systems shown at the home page to reach more details. Though the information provided along with the human anatomy atlas is not much detailed it still worth a look.
Greys anatomy 20th edition
Worlds best and original resource for human anatomy. The site features Bartleby.com's 20th edition of the famous book published in 1918.
Although Grey's Anatomy now stands on 38th edition, more than 1200 illustrations contained in this open access full text will help medical students to get a strong understanding of basic as well as detailed human anatomy. Though the book doesn't contain microscopy etc it still stands as a great reference book.
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